Here are five of the most typical back-channels in a few languages.
American
English [5]Mexican
SpanishJapanese [5] Iraqi
ArabicFrench [10] German [1] 1 yeah si un aih oui ah (ach) 2 uh-huh si si ee nam ouais ja (ahja, aja) 3 hm ajá aa repetition humhum mhm 4 right mjm laughter mmm hum nein (ne) 5 okay laughter hai hmm ah okay
Australian English yeh, hm, mhm, oh, ah, right [9]
British English yes, m, no, yeah, really [8]
Dutch: uh-huh, okay, ja, hela, jawel, nee, nou, zo [10, 1]
Egyptian Arabic: ah, mmm, laughter, tayeb, aiwa [5]
Finnish: joo, nii [11]
Italian: ah, mhm, mm, oh, si, uhuh [1]
Korean: mhm, n, ney, yeh, a, ah [6]
Mandarin Chinese: ao, ai, dui [4]
Swedish: ja, m, nä, va, nej, jo, jaha, aha, okej, just [2]
Vietnamese o', u', vang [7]
Clicks
Phrasal back channels: really? , wow, is that right?, etc.
First two lists are from http://www.cs.utep.edu/nigel/bc/
Fernardo Poyatos' work
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